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A través de este monográfico queremos contribuir al avance disciplinar de la enseñanza del español desde una perspectiva sociolingüística más ambiciosa y abierta que, junto a las consideraciones y aportes relacionados con los distintos niveles de variación y cambio de la lengua en contextos de enseñanza y aprendizaje, identifique ámbitos de acción y ofrezca respuestas ante fenómenos, entornos y dinámicas sociales que están presentes dentro y fuera de nuestras aulas.

En arXiv

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Dictionaries are one of the oldest and most used linguistic resources. Building them is a complex task that, to the best of our knowledge, has yet to be explored with generative Large Language Models (LLMs). We introduce the "Spanish Built Factual Freectianary" (Spanish-BFF) as the first Spanish AI-generated dictionary. This first-of-its-kind free dictionary uses GPT-3. We also define future steps we aim to follow to improve this initial commitment to the field, such as more additional languages.

While first-language (L1) corpora have been a key tool for linguistic research in Spanish, their use for pedagogical purposes is still limited, and more corpora are needed that document the varieties of Spanish used by learners or heritage speakers of the language. In this article, we provide an overview of the research that has already been carried out with available Spanish corpora and we propose avenues for further development of the areas where there is room for growth. As an introduction to this special issue, we also summarize the highlights of each of the six articles in this volume. Finally, we conclude with a call for collaboration among Spanish corpus researchers to address the current limitations when it comes to creating corpora that include oral and longitudinal data, that are more accessible, and more useful for daily use in classrooms of Spanish as a second, foreign or heritage language.

Aunque los corpus han sido un instrumento clave en el desarrollo de la investigación lingüística en español, su uso para fines pedagógicos sigue siendo limitado. Se necesitan además más corpus que documenten las variedades utilizadas por aprendices y hablantes de herencia de español. En este artículo, ofrecemos una panorámica general de la investigación que ya se ha llevado a cabo con los corpus disponibles y proponemos sugerencias de desarrollo en ciertas áreas con potencial de crecimiento. Como introducción a este monográfico, también resumimos los contenidos de los seis artículos que componen este volumen. Finalmente, concluimos llamando a la colaboración entre investigadores en corpus en español para atajar las limitaciones actuales del campo, así como la creación de más corpus orales o longitudinales, que sean más accesibles, y que resulten más útiles para las necesidades diarias en las aulas de español como lengua extranjera, segunda lengua o lengua de herencia.

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Research has shown that language barriers can impede access to healthcare and impact healthcare outcomes. Traditional Spanish courses have been criticized for not effectively addressing learners’ specific needs, while Language for Specific Purposes (LSP) courses on healthcare frequently lack a credible methodological foundation. The current study uses a Task Based Language Teaching (TBLT) framework to conduct a needs analysis exploring the most vital Spanish language needs of nurses while also evaluating the effectiveness of previous language teaching in satisfying those needs. Surveys and interviews among 45 nurses and advanced nursing students show that the majority of participants recognized a need for healthcare-based Spanish instruction. The analysis uncovered specific linguistic features and real-world tasks designated as essential needs for nurses.

Over the past two decades, Languages for Specific Purposes (LSP) and Community Service Learning (CSL) in the United States (US) have gained traction in post-secondary institutions. Abbott and Lear (2010) established that CSL provides excellent opportunities for students to meet the National Foreign Language Standards. After establishing a brief historical overview of programs and research in the fields of Spanish LSP and CSL, this paper provides an overview of core issues facing the field, i.e., the need to (1) focus LSP on a new specific purpose (foundational training in professionalism) (i.e., those linguistic abilities, behaviors, skills, and manners that are vital to all professions in the target culture), (2) thread this training in professionalism throughout the curriculum (from basic language, to majors, to graduate students), (3) build interdisciplinarity among faculty through professional development, especially in the field of CSL, and (4) provide professional research training to second language acquisition scholars, graduate students, and LSP scholars/practitioners to build the research base in LSP and in experiential learning in CSL environments (Lafford 2012, 2013). This study concludes with an exploration of the challenges and rewards of implementing those LSP and CSL action items and proposes directions for future research.

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En las últimas dos décadas, la inclusión de lenguas para fines específicos (LFE) y el aprendizaje-servicio (APS) en el currículo universitario en los Estados Unidos ha ganado terreno. Abbott y Lear (2010) establecieron que el APS provee excelentes oportunidades para alcanzar los Estándares Nacionales para las Lenguas Extranjeras. Después de ofrecer un breve repaso histórico de programas e investigaciones en los campos de LFE y APS, este trabajo plantea un repaso de asuntos clave que enfrentan estos campos en torno a la necesidad de: (1) enfocar LFE hacia un nuevo propósito específico: la formación profesional básica (las habilidades, los comportamientos, las destrezas y las maneras que sean vitales para todas las profesiones en la cultura meta), (2) incorporar esta formación profesional en el curriculo (desde la lengua básica hasta el nivel de los especialistas y los estudiantes de posgrado), (3) construir un ambiente interdisciplinario entre los profesores por medio del desarrollo profesional, sobre todo en el campo de APS, y (4) proporcionar formación en técnicas de investigación a especialistas en adquisición de segundas lenguas, alumnos de posgrado y profesionales en LFE para construir una base investigadora tanto en LFE como en el aprendizaje experiencial en contextos de APS (Lafford 2012, 2013). Por último, este estudio explora los retos y los beneficios de la implementación de estos asuntos clave y propone caminos para futuras investigaciones.

Despite substantial advances in the field of instructed second language acquisition (SLA) with regard to our understanding of second language (L2) pronunciation development and pedagogy, many language instructors continue to report a lack of confidence in incorporating pronunciation instruction (PI) into their classes. This survey study examined 100 Spanish instructors’ perceptions of the usefulness of various types of knowledge, skills, and approaches to PI, as well as their confidence in those domains, and the extent to which their previous training in teaching methods was related to their ratings of usefulness and confidence. After running principal components analyses to identify factors in the survey data, we fit mixed-effects models to each factor, then delved more deeply into some descriptive trends to offer recommendations for professional development opportunities. The latter results suggested that Spanish teachers might have greater appreciation for, as well as confidence in, focusing on segmentals over suprasegmentals, practice activities over assessment, perception assessment over production assessment, and implicit over explicit feedback. Consistent with previous research, some of the highest confidence levels were expressed regarding controlled techniques, alongside relatively low confidence in familiarity with research. Concerning metalinguistic tools, respondents seemed to value diagrams and descriptions over terminology and transcription, but they viewed these tools as less useful than perception, production, and communication practice. While greater training was often associated with higher perceptions of usefulness and confidence, there were cases where respondents with the least training showed the highest confidence. These results suggest some key priorities for teacher training.

The importance of textbooks in the shaping of world-language instruction in the US is undeniable: for better or for worse, published materials tend to define the content, pace, and pedagogical orientation of language courses at all levels in this country. As educators continue to confront the challenge of selecting and/or adapting published materials for their language courses (particularly for Spanish, which represents 69% of the total language textbook market at the high school level, and 52% at the college level), the need for information on the origin and evolution of our teaching materials becomes apparent. Following a diachronic perspective, this article traces the historical evolution of Spanish textbooks in the US, and examines the current state of affairs of language materials for learners K-16. In addition, this article provides a comparative analysis of the leading Spanish textbooks in the United States (US) (for both the high school and college markets) and reviews the most prominent recent titles to identify established trends and new directions in the publishing industry. A general framework for selection of Spanish textbooks is discussed, as well as specific recommendations on how to make sense of the increasing number of published materials for the teaching and learning of Spanish.

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La importancia de los libros de texto en la determinación de las prácticas pedagógicas para el español como lengua segunda o extranjera (ELE) en los Estados Unidos es innegable. Desafortunadamente, la información sobre el origen y la evolución histórica de dichos materiales es limitada (hecho por demás sorprendente, ya que los textos para ELE representan el 69% del total del mercado de libros de texto para lenguas extranjeras a nivel de secundaria y el 52% a nivel universitario en este país). Siguiendo una perspectiva diacrónica, este artículo traza la evolución de los textos para ELE en los Estados Unidos, y examina el estado actual de esta industria desde la escuela primaria hasta la universidad. Además, el artículo presenta un análisis comparativo de los más populares textos de ELE en los Estados Unidos (tanto al nivel de secundaria como universitario) y de los más prominentes títulos recientes (aquellos publicados en los últimos 2 años en este país), a fin de identificar las nuevas tendencias y direcciones de la industria ELE norteamericana. El lector podrá encontrar aquí un marco general para el análisis y selección de libros de texto para la enseñanza de lenguas extranjeras, así como una serie de parámetros que le ayuden a discernir las cualidades pedagógicas de la creciente oferta (nacional e internacional) de materiales para ELE.

This study reports on vocabulary learning through service-learning (SL) where Spanish L2 learners participated in a story-time program with bilingual children. The descriptive, observational, and qualitative analysis of data sources (e.g., journals, vocabulary assessments) describes language learning “sowing” events (van Lier 2000) that supported vocabulary learning/teaching goals: extending learners’ meaningful use of the target language, increasing their usable vocabulary, and equipping them with strategies to take charge of their own lexical development (Nation 2013). Framed through sociocultural perspectives, findings show that learners retained vocabulary targeted through their service as a result of doing with the language in a context in which language exchanges were meaningful, creative, and unscripted. Moreover, the activity’s demands required that learners discover new mediational means, which promoted the evolution of their vocabulary learning strategies from conventional practices to more diversified, complex, and involved ones.

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Este estudio describe el aprendizaje de vocabulario de un grupo de estudiantes de español como segundo idioma al participar en un programa de lectura para niños bilingües implementado como un proyecto de aprendizaje a través del servicio. Para el análisis, se examinaron de forma cualitativa varias fuentes de datos a fin de identificar lo que van Lier (2000) calificó como “momentos de siembra” en el proceso de aprendizaje, así como aspectos de la experiencia que fomentaran las metas referidas a la enseñanza del vocabulario (Nation 2013). Los resultados fueron interpretados desde una perspectiva sociocultural y demostraron que los estudiantes retuvieron el vocabulario que les permitió lograr algo por medio de la lengua en un contexto en donde las interacciones lingüísticas fueron significativas, creativas y espontáneas. También, los estudiantes descubrieron nuevos métodos de mediación al incorporar estrategias de aprendizaje más diversas, complejas y aplicadas.

This study investigated differences in students’ foreign language anxiety and foreign language self-efficacy related to skill-specific foreign language tasks (i.e., speaking, listening, reading, and writing) across five levels of university foreign language coursework. A total of 206 participants in 12 university Spanish classrooms (ranging from Beginning Spanish I to Intermediate Spanish II) were surveyed for this study. The findings revealed that students who have higher levels of skill-specific foreign language anxieties provided corresponding lower ratings on skill-specific foreign language self-efficacies. Analyses also revealed that students’ ratings for foreign language anxiety for each foreign language-learning skill were not significantly different across the five levels of coursework. However, students’ ratings of foreign language self-efficacies for each foreign language-learning skill were significantly different across different levels of coursework.

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Este estudio investiga las diferencias entre la ansiedad y la autoeficacia del estudiante relacionada con destrezas lingüísticas específicas (expresión oral, comprensión auditiva, comprensión lectora y expresión escrita) en cinco niveles de cursos de lengua extranjera de nivel universitario. Un total de 206 participantes repartidos en 12 grupos de cursos de español (español básico I y español intermedio II) fueron encuestados para este estudio. Los resultados revelan que los estudiantes que presentan un nivel más alto de ansiedad en el desarrollo de destrezas específicas de la lengua extranjera, mostraron una puntación más baja en la autoeficacia durante el desarrollo de las mismas destrezas. Este análisis también indica que la categorización de la ansiedad de los estudiantes por las destrezas realizadas en las lenguas extranjeras no fue significativamente distinta en los cinco niveles de los trabajos realizados. Por el contrario, la valoración en la autoeficacia de los estudiantes por cada destreza aprendida en la lengua extranjera fue significativamente distinta a lo largo de los diferentes niveles de los cursos.

This mixed-methods study investigates the use of synchronous video computer-mediated communication (SVCMC) in a U.S. university’s Spanish-as-a-foreign-language curriculum. Using the SVCMC platform TalkAbroad, the university’s Spanish program required second-year students to participate in five, 30-minute, SVCMC conversations with Spanish first language (L1) speakers. Students then reflected on their SVCMC conversations by replaying the recorded audio from those sessions and transcribing passages of their conversations. Using an interactionist perspective, this research explores the utility of: (1) the SVCMC conversations, and (2) the subsequent listening/transcription activity by examining students’ reported noticing of linguistic items (e.g. L1 speaker vocabulary, grammar, etc.). Additionally, we report students’ general perceptions of engaging in SVCMC with TalkAbroad. Students’ noticing and perceptions were investigated using a combination of two questionnaires (N = 35) that were administered following (1) the SVCMC, and (2) the listening/transcription activity, along with semi-structured interviews (n = 10). Findings suggest both the SVCMC and listening/transcription activities are effective in promoting the noticing of vocabulary and content, but not grammar. Finally, students generally reported positive perceptions of engaging in SVCMC for the purposes of L2 learning. Related implications for pedagogy and curriculum design are discussed.

This article investigates the three-way interface between foreign language anxiety (FLA), cognition and performance in Spanish L2 oral tasks, and examines qualitatively the construct of task anxiety (TA) in relation to its three interconnected facets: affective, cognitive and behavioral. 51 low-proficiency university learners of L2 Spanish performed two narrative tasks manipulated in their cognitive demands. Results revealed TA negatively affected certain functions of learners’ L2 cognition, especially at the attentional level and in word retrieval, highlighting the important role of L2 self-esteem in oral production tasks. This study advocates for a pedagogical approach that implements both curricular and individual aspects from a task-based language teaching perspective. It further emphasizes the importance of raising awareness of the interrelated emotional, cognitive and performance dimensions of the L2 learner, and how these may manifest in TA during oral task performance.

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Este artículo examina la interfaz entre la ansiedad en la lengua extranjera, la cognición y el desempeño en las tareas orales en español como L2, y examina de forma cualitativa el constructo de la ansiedad de tarea en relación con sus tres facetas interconectadas: la afectiva, la cognitiva y la conductual. 51 aprendices universitarios con un nivel inicial de competencia en español realizaron dos tareas narrativas orales manipuladas en sus demandas cognitivas. Los resultados del estudio indicaron que la ansiedad de tarea afectaba de forma negativa a varios procesos cognitivos del aprendiz, especialmente en el área de la atención y el acceso léxico, destacando el importante papel de la autoconfianza en las tareas de producción oral. Esta investigación propone un enfoque pedagógico que implemente tanto aspectos curriculares como aquellos ligados a factores individuales del aprendizaje, centrándose en comprender la interrelación entre las dimensiones afectivas, cognitivas y de desempeño de la tarea en el aprendiz de español.

Task-based language teaching (TBLT) is an empirically investigated pedagogy that has garnered attention from language programs across the globe. TBLT provides an alternative to traditional grammar translation or present-practice-produce pedagogies by emphasizing interaction during authentic tasks. Despite several previous meta-analyses investigating the effect of individual tasks or short-term task-based treatments on second language (L2) development, no studies to date have synthesized the effects of long-term implementation of TBLT in authentic language classrooms. The present study uses meta-analytic techniques to investigate the effectiveness of TBLT programs on L2 learning. Findings based on a sample of 52 studies revealed an overall positive and strong effect (d = 0.93) for TBLT implementation on a variety of learning outcomes. The study further examined a range of programmatic and methodological features that moderated these main-effects (program region, institution type, needs analysis, and cycles of implementation). Additionally, synthesizing across both quantitative and qualitative data, results also showed positive stakeholder perceptions towards TBLT programs. The study concludes with implications for the domain of TBLT implementation, language program evaluation, and future research in this domain.

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World language teachers have historically relied on the notion of teaching methods to inform elements of design and procedure in their instructional practice. Teacher beliefs about teaching methods, however, have been shown to be significantly influenced by their context, including their institution and their learners. This phenomenon has led some scholars to identify a postmethod condition, where teachers prioritize making responsive, principled decisions about instruction based on their context. This qualitative study investigated the patterns and realities of the postmethod condition in practice through the lens of teacher beliefs about teaching methods, focusing on ten secondary-level world language teachers of French and Spanish in the USA. Data sources included a survey about teaching methods, in-depth interviews, and classroom observations. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, multiple phases of coding, and integrating analysis of the three sources. Findings indicated that teachers in this group largely identified as adhering to one main teaching approach, with eight of the ten self-identifying as using primarily comprehensible input and/or TPRS (Teaching Proficiency through Reading and Storytelling) methods. However, through investigating their beliefs about grammar and accuracy; the four skills of reading, writing, listening, and speaking; the importance of input and output; and instructional flow, we found that the teachers examined and reexamined their teaching methods regularly, largely due to the influences of their learners and their institution. The relationship between the teachers’ beliefs and practices was mediated by context-driven instructional decision-making, indicating the presence of a postmethod condition.

This study examines whether second-language instructors of Spanish overuse subject personal pronouns (SPPs) to facilitate communication with their English-speaking students, which would be a form of teacher talk. Ten native Spanish-speaking language instructors were recorded in two speech contexts: teaching a third-semester Spanish class to native English-speaking learners and talking with another native Spanish speaker. Logistic regression analyses using GoldVarb revealed that SPP expression was strongly conditioned both by the classroom as a speech context and by the linguistic factors including morphological ambiguity of the verb and switch reference. Crucially, instructors’ language in the classroom exhibited elevated and modified use of overt SPPs. This finding contributes to research on the variable use of Spanish SPPs, and it has important pedagogical implications for the acquisition of verbal morphology in the classroom context.

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Este estudio examina si los profesores de español como segunda lengua aumentan la frecuencia en el uso de pronombres personales sujeto (SPPs) para facilitar la comunicación con sus estudiantes de habla inglesa, lo cual sería una forma de teacher talk o habla propia del profesor. Para ello, se grabó a diez profesores nativos de español en dos contextos discursivos: enseñando una clase de español a estudiantes anglófonos y hablando con un hablante nativo de español. El análisis de regresión logística en GoldVarb reveló que la expresión de los SPPs se encuentra fuertemente condicionada por el medio de instrucción o aula como contexto discursivo y por factores lingüísticos como la ambigüedad morfológica del verbo o el cambio de referencia. Resulta de crucial importancia que el habla de los profesores en el aula mostrara un uso elevado y modificado de SPPs explícitos. Los resultados de este estudio contribuyen a la investigación del uso variable de SPPs y poseen importantes implicaciones pedagógicas para la adquisición de la morfología verbal del español en el contexto del aula.

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Multimodal input – which combines written, auditory, and/or visual modalities – is pervasive in everyday life and could serve as a source of rich input in language teaching. In recent years, research has determined that vocabulary learning is one of the clear benefits of being exposed to such input. Regrettably, only a handful of studies have investigated whether and how second language (L2) teachers approach multimodal input in teaching. To further contribute to the research–practice dialogue, we examined factors that influence L2 teachers’ use of multimodal input in L2 teaching. This qualitative case study presents an in-depth analysis of interview data derived from 21 practitioners in various L2 teaching contexts globally. Following three rounds of data analysis, 24 factors were identified and are presented in four themes. The results indicate that teachers: (1) paid close attention to their students’ needs and goals; (2) drew on their own learning and teaching experiences and training supported by research-based practices; (3) relied on sound pedagogical principles; and (4) faced a number of contextual challenges relevant to their curricula and teaching contexts.

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